Essay On Caffeine - 1006 Words

In today’s society, coffee has become the most prevalent and usual source of energization that many individuals turn to when they need vitality. Even though coffee is the most prominent, caffeine can also be found inside sodas, teas, and even energy drinks. Caffeine is a psychoactive drug that stimulates the central nervous system. A typical cup of coffee encompasses about ninety-five milligrams of caffeine. Studies have been performed to observe the effects of caffeine and how it effects so many individuals. For an instance, some studies have discovered that the effects of caffeine may be different for some individuals depending on individual differences such as level of fatigue (Oei Hartley 2005). These effects lead people to†¦show more content†¦Capek and Guenther (2009) found that caffeine can have an effect on memory but in different ways. For instant caffeine can lead to the creation of false memories. A false memory would be when a participant remember s a word that was not listed on the original word list that they studied. So they conducted a study on caffeine’s effects on true false memory. The purpose of their study was to determine if a strong dose of caffeine would enhance recall memory for lists of words and lead to the false recalls. The researchers conducted a double-blind placebo-control design, where thirty-seven participants were randomly assigned to a caffeine or placebo group. The participants were then given a memory test that consisted of six word lists with fifteen words per list. The four main results of their experiment were that: (1) words on the list were recalled more often than critical lures, for both the caffeine and placebo groups, (2) caffeine enhanced the memory for words on the lists, in comparison to the placebo, (3) caffeine enhanced false memory for the critical lures, in comparison to the placebo, and to about the same degree as caffeine enhanced correct recall, and (4) better memory fo r words on the list was negatively correlated with false memory of the critical lures, for both the caffeine and placebo groups (Capek Guenther (2009). From thisShow MoreRelatedEssay On Caffeine1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever drank a cola or any type of soda? Have you read or heard about the main ingredient including caffeine? Well caffeine is a bitter powder like substance thats very unhealthy and healthy in the same cause. Caffeine can lead to heart attacks but if taken in the right amount can help with long days at work. Caffeine is in items such as Coca-Cola, mountain dew, coffee etc. all sodas and caffeinated drinks can lead to serious heart failure, heart attacks, insomnia, mood drops and can evenRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1129 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine is a widely used substance that is known to provide wakefulness and allow for better concentration in the workspace or classroom. SYMPTOMS OF INGESTING CAFFEINE Caffeine is absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract and within 30 to 60 minutes’ maximum levels of caffeine are in your blood stream and symptoms can last for up to 12 hours (Thein, L. A., 1995). Since caffeine increases your metabolic rate and it also increases oxygen consummation it can increase heat production within yourRead MoreEssay On Caffeine975 Words   |  4 Pagesbeverages is caffeine. Caffeine is something most people overlook in their daily lives and can be harmful if taken too much. Typically, the majority of not only adults, but more recently a growing number of teenagers, rely on their daily dose of caffeine to get them through the day in hopes to not get a sense of fatigue. â€Å"Eighty three percent of adults can’t imagine life without their favorite cup of java.† (Healthy Living). The main question consumers ask themselves is whether or not the caffeine they areRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1263 Words   |  6 Pages28 May 2017 Caffeine Is A Killer Caffeine is the most utilized and popular nervous system stimulant, but it is legal and unregulated all across the world; however, the question is, should it be regulated because of the consequences that come along with it? Caffeine is killing people with how high the consumption rate has gone up; â€Å"about 83% of adults drink coffee in the U.S.† (Coffee grinds US for the nation, KAren Fernau). Because of how much people are taking advantage of caffeine to get throughRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1328 Words   |  6 Pages Today how many people drink caffeine daily and do not realize the harmful effects of doing so? Caffeine is found in many common drinks consumed by both adults and children on a daily basis. People are not concerned with the impact of caffeine on their bodies. Caffeine is addictive and the brain will become dependent on it to keep the mind awake. Caffeine keeps the body from falling asleep by blocking the adenosine receptors; adenosine is what makes the person sleepy. Caffeinated drinks are especiallyRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1454 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety issues could make that problem for them worse. It is advised if the person does have this issue to use caffeine very carefully. There are many diseases that could possible get worse with the use of caffeine. Bipolar, Bleeding disorders, heart conditions, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, glaucoma, osteoporosis, these are all diseases that could possibly be worsened by the use of caffeine or products with. In young adults drinking 4 or more cups of coffee significantly could risk heart attack andRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and have similar structures.Read MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous systemRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Caffeine870 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Caffeine Works Cited Not Included Caffeine has played a central role in many cultures. Coffee was first discovered over 1000 years ago, and approximately 75% of Americans drink coffee on a regular basis. Despite the thousand years that have passed, there is still controversy surrounding the biological effects of coffee and its primary active ingredient, caffeine. CaffeineRead MoreCaffeine Experiment Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Caffeine is one of man’s most successful discoveries dating back to the 13th century. Although its origins are not completely clear, we see the impacts of its use down to the 21st century. From local cafes and restaurants to school and fast food chains, the evidence is relative that coffee is truly everywhere in our society. One of coffees many uses was that it had the ability to make its consumers feel more ready to start the day. However, does caffeine really affect our moods and

The United States And The Holocaust - 1521 Words

â€Å"What exactly was the difference? He wondered to himself. And who decided which people wore the striped pajamas and which people wore the uniforms† a quote from The Boy with the Striped Pajamas. The Holocaust was a genocide, the intentional killing of certain group or ethnicity, that affected the Jewish community worldwide through sorrow and sympathy of their people; and kibitzers who chose to watch until under pressure. A perfect example was the United States who stood on the sidelines, while the horrific events of the Holocaust were occurring. The United States had played a negative role in the Holocaust due to a lack of aid, immigration, and publication. During the Holocaust there was a lack of aid from America to those suffering in Europe. President at the time of the Holocaust, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had been leading a country of antisemitism, meaning to be against the Jewish. As mention in The Us and the Holocaust Project Group: Antisemitism page by Lauren Freeman, Antisemitism was habited with in Congress, and the general public of the United States; which will be further elaborated later in the paper. By the time the Holocaust had come into play America was already filled with people who had a prejudice against the Jewish, believing that all Jews were greedy and dishonest, found in the article The Us and the Holocaust Project Group: Antisemitism. Although full of antisemitism, the U.S. also had a Jewish supportive community. Those who supported the Jewish believedShow MoreRelatedNazi Propaganda, From The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust902 Words   |  4 PagesIshan Matta Mrs. Edussuriya Freshman Honors English 19/5/15 Source#1 â€Å"Nazi Propaganda† This article, â€Å"Nazi Propaganda†, from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust Encyclopedia, has proved to be a very helpful resource. It is a very current page - it was updated in June of 2014. I found this web page while googling â€Å"Nazi Propaganda†. The source appears to be very reliable, and it has plenty of useful information about the history of Nazi Propaganda. This page directlyRead MoreThe United States And The World From A Nuclear Holocaust1408 Words   |  6 PagesUnion and the United States as they partook in a head-to-head face off which could have potentially result in their immediate destruction. Before this event, no one had truly considered the potential damage nuclear weapons could cause, but only realized the consequences as war became a possible reality. During those crucial 13 days, John Kennedy and his administrators crafted and developed solutions that would ultimately save the United States and the world from a nuclear holocaust. During the CubanRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Primary Source History797 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust Work Cited Bartel, Judy. The Holocaust: a primary source history. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub.,. Print. History.com Staff. The Holocaust. History.com. AE Television Networks, 27 Apr. 2017. Web. 11 May 2017.â€Å"Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center.† ITravelJerusalem, www.itraveljerusalem.com/ent/yad-vashem/. Accessed 27 Apr. 2017. â€Å"Introduction to the Holocaust.† United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 27 Apr. 2017, Read MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke those sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke tho se sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreChildren During the Holocaust1306 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Holocaust, â€Å"the Nazis killed over 1.5 billion children† (Children during the Holocaust). Of these children, one million of them were Jewish. The Nazis had no good reason to kill them; they only killed these innocent children because Hitler did not care for their race. The Nazis, a forceful, merciless power led by Adolf Hitler brainwashed the country of Germany into believing that Jews and other races were awful. These children bravely fought persecution and avoided death by hidingRead MoreThe Holocausts Effect on the German Jew Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesaction his plan of elimination. This is not only why German Jews were the main target of the Holocaust, but why they were a large part of the years before, during, and after the Holocaust. Hitler’s â€Å"final solution† almost eliminated the Jewish population in Europe during World War II. At the end of the war and along with his suicide, the Jewish population would survive the horror known as the Holocaust and the Jews would eventually find their way back to their homeland of Israel as well as findRead MoreEssay about The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide 1201 Words   |  5 Pagesof people of a certain origin. The Holocaust was in Germany and started in 1933. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were in charge of the Holocaust. The Cambodian Genocide took place in Cambodia. Cambodia is in Southeast Asia (â€Å"Cambodian†). Pol Pot was the leader of Khmer Rouge and the group was in charge of the Cambodian Genocide (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Cambodian Genocide started in 1975 and ended in 1978 because Khmer Rouge was ended by Vietnam (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide are similarRead MoreThe Holocaust Denial1324 Words   |  6 Pagessociety to improve. The Holocaust, one of the most well-known history events, represents a perfect historical example of discrimination and racism. However, a number of people started to deny the known facts of the Holocaust and even the event itself. Despite of what these people say and how convincing their reasons are, this piece of history is to be protected from being revised; evidence of the Holocaust strongly proves the existence of the Holocaust and that Holocaust denial is a sheer absurdityRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Holocaust1466 Words   |  6 Pagesone fails to prevent its occurrence, is he at fault? During and after the Holocaust, citizens of the United States pondered this question in the context of Jewish refugees murdered in Nazi Germany; ultimately, citizens remember this tragic genocide and promise it will not happen a gain under any circumstances, not only in America, but in other nations as well. Since the Holocaust, leaders and lawmakers in the United States have analyzed the causes that led to this event and designed laws and documents

Massage Essay Example For Students

Massage Essay My discovery of massage therapys healing powers resulted directly from trying to break a friends ribs. I was taking my first kickboxing class, and Hugh, a two-year veteran of the sport, encouraged me to try my roundhouse kick on him a bit faster and harder. Who could pass up such an invitation? Crouched down, I swivelled my body and, with venom, kicked the punching bag he was holding. It felt good. Next I went for the kill, and connected so high and fast that I ripped my hip muscles. That was sixteen months ago, and while the muscle tears quickly healed, every time I worked out hard or got stressed out, my thigh and back muscles seized up. About eight months ago my chiropractor, concerned at how often my hip was being pulled out of alignment with my spine, suggested massage therapy for giving the muscles a much needed vacation. The healing effects of touch have been celebrated since they were first documented some 2,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese text The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine. Today massage therapy is one of the most popular forms of unconventional medicine in the United States and massage therapists are licensed in roughly half the states. Specific injuries aside, the greatest cause of muscle aches is everyday emotional stress. What we dont realize is that our tissues have a memory, says Thomas Claire, a trained shiatsu therapist and the author of the massage-therapy book, Bodywork. Our feelings get lodged in our muscles and tissues, and in turn, pain and discomfort result in disharmony in the body and the mind. This conflict can be seen in both the way muscle pain in one part of the body can aggravate surrounding areas and the effects physical imbalance can have on mind and spirit. Massage therapy aims to return the body to balance and promote health and relaxation. There are more than a hundred varieties of massage practiced in the United States, but they can be divided into roughly two main areas. The first is Western, or Swedish, massage, and it targets the bodys muscle and tissue structure. The second, Eastern massage, of which shiatsu and reflexology are the best-known branches, focuses on leveling the bodys natural energy. . The Swedish School is named for its nineteenth-century Swedish innovator, Per Heinrik Ling, who sought to relieve the pain he suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Swedish, or traditional, massage works the muscles to promote relaxation through the release of endorphins and enkephalins. Endorphins and enkephalins are the bodys natural painkillers, which are released during strenuous exercise and cause runners high. The recipient lay naked on a padded table and a towel or a sheet covers the person. Only the part of the body being worked on is exposed. The practitioner uses a series of five basic strokes, administered by the fingers, hands, forearms and elbows, with the help of massage oils or creams. Muscles are freed up throughout the body, increasing blood flow and helping the body purge toxins and deliver nutrients to cells and tissues. Today many structural-massage therapists have customized the Swedish method with their own techniques. I visited a massage therapist named Arthur Tobias, who specializes in deep-tissue therapeutic massage. The session began with Tobias warming up my back and leg muscles with light hand massage through a towel. Then he focused on the major muscles in my back and shoulders with long, deep strokes of his forearm. The harder he worked my back muscles, the more I whimpered to myself in pain. I then melted into the table, as tension tingled out of my muscles. Aware of the discomfort in my hip, Tobias worked my lower back, butt and upper right leg, pinpointing the muscles that were contorted rock solid. After a one-hour session, my body felt completely relaxed and rubbery. .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .postImageUrl , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:hover , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:visited , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:active { border:0!important; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:active , .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4 .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4831708133150ac28cdead9b037e3cf4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The Grapes Of Wrath Essay Unlike Swedish massage, shiatsu focuses on not only the physical makeup of the muscles and tissues but also the bodys energy system. Yes, energy system. As bizarre as that sounds to those of us firmly rooted in a Western way of thinking about the body, Asian medicine maintains that a life-force energy governs our health (chi in Chinese, ki in Japanese) that

Recommendations for Weatherpruf Shoe Waxes free essay sample

Here are some recommendations for Weatherpruf Shoes Waxes which hope can help to improve the competitiveness. The potential strategy is based on 4Ps. Product: On the product side, Weatherpruf can use brand extension strategy. A brand extension extends a current name to new or modified products in new category. For example, Swatch spread from watches into telephones and Honda stretched its company name to cover different products such as its cars, motorcycles, marine engines and snowmobiles. As solid shoe waxes was already a brand product, Weatherpruf can extend to produce liquid polish. The reasons are: first, liquid shoe polishes offered a quick, clean method of improving shoe appearance and was particularly welcomed by parents as it helped to make scuffed and worn childrens shoes look respectable again. Second, the market for liquid polishes is growing at 20% per year and it is expected to rise to 30% of this market next year. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations for Weatherpruf Shoe Waxes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Third, entering a new product market will extend customer base. Finally, a liquid polish can be used on a wide variety of products. For instance, it can be used for the appearance of leather products beyond footwear such as chairs, sofas, briefcases, etc which may attract more customers. Weatherpruf can also increase the product diversity. For example, it can increase the colours of solid waxes not limited to blacks, light tan and dark tan in order to meet those customers who like solid waxes but dont want these 3 colours. Price: On the price side, as liquid polish will be a new product of Weatherpruf, market-penetration pricing is much suitable. Market-penetration pricing stands for setting a low price for a new product in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract large numbers of buyers quickly and win a large market share. To compete with Smart Shoe (currently command approximately 70% liquid market share), Weatherpruf should set a low price and quickly enter the liquid polish market. There are several conditions favour setting a low price. First, the market must be highly price-sensitive, so that a low price produces more market growth. Second, production and distribution costs must fall as sales volume increases. Due to the good reputation, if Weatherpruf keep on produce high quality goods and set a low price, it can easily penetrate the liquid polish market and win a large market share. Promotion: One of the reasons that Smart Shoe can achieve success was its promotion extensive advertising. Therefore Weatherpruf also need media advertising to promote its product. Media Advertising can reach masses of geographically dispersed buyers at low cost per exposure, such as TV advertising can reach huge audiences. It enables Weatherpruf to repeat a message many times, and lets the buyer receive and compare the messages of other two main competitors. By advertising buyers will know that Weatherpruf begin to sell liquid polish with a high quality and it can create customer brand awareness. Place: Products are sold only in the major grocery stores is limiting the quantity of customers and might be inconvenient for a certain amount of customers (who want to buy shoe polish but live far away from the stores). Thus, Weatherpruf can increase the place of sales. First Weatherpruf can find retailers such as Supermarket like Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda or Morrisons have loyal customers who regularly shop in their stores. Products sold through the stores gain credibility in the eyes of the customer because of where they are sold. In addition, Weatherpruf can expand sales to online. The reasons are: first, sales online can expand geographical reach weatherpruf, a local business can become nationwide or even international. Second, it can increase visibility for weatherpruf. With investment in search engine optimization and online promotion, an online shop becomes more accessible to customers searching for products. Third, it is a way to tell people about Weatherpruf. This is particularly valuable when an online store operates alongside a conventional high-street outlet, providing information about opening hours, contact details and answers to frequently asked questions. Finally, which has same effect as sales through retailers, it can increase the number of customers. Conclusion In conclusion, if Weatherpruf choose this strategy would

Make your writing incredibly appealing with 10 unexpected secret

Make your writing incredibly appealing with 10 unexpected secret Make Your Writing Incredibly Appealing With 10 Unexpected Secret There are many writers in the world, however, not all of them have their own voice. Writing with you own voice is something that comes with time. Begin by reaching inside yourself to find your inner dark, or light side. It is suggested that writers write about what they know. We can think all day about our experiences, but putting them down on paper is harder that it sounds. It is hard because as writers we forget that in order to become a paid writer, we don’t write for ourselves, we have to do it for our audience. When we were kids, those of us that love to write, were usually somewhere off to ourselves writing poems or short stories, and we only had to listen to our own thoughts and just jot things down. Our parents praised out efforts whether they understood what we wrote or not. That is not the way we should be writing today. In order to find our voice, we need to have an audience to listen to it, to validate it, to make us some money. Don’t get me wrong, there are still times that writing is just for writings sake, but when we have to pay the bills and we have graduated college and need that extra cash, we need to be writing to get it. How do you find your voice to write for others’, how do you begin to engage your audience? Get to know your Audience This means doing extensive research. When you are surfing the Internet interacting with social media, begin to keep a record of the demographics that are going on at the sites that you visit. What are the people in your groups saying, what are they asking about? Their ages? Locations? The people that you have chosen to spend time with are your homework, they are who your audience is. Google Plus has a communities’ page that gives you access to hundreds of groups. Which of these are you drawn too? That is your audience. People that can make you open your mind and write in your voice are the people that will buy your writing skills. These are the people that your writing will be incredibly appealing too. Survey Your Friends and Neighbors There are plenty of ways to utilize surveys. One way in particular is the â€Å"what do you need† type of survey. Finding out what people need is a great way to find your voice. When you know what someone needs, you can reach into the wealth of information that you have gathered through research and life, and see if it is something that you can service. Your Voice Not Someone Else’s’ Look in the mirror. See that face? It is totally individual from anyone’s on the planet. You are not going to write like anyone but you. If you try to , you will fail miserably, and you will stunt your own writer's creativity. Stop comparing yourself to the other who is making good. You time will come. You have to work on it, each and every day. Keep your thoughts on finding what you can write about that will come naturally from your soul instead of how so-and-so had a release party for their new book. Find your voice in an essay Can you think of a time in your life that things were making you feel trapped? How did you grow up, was it in a bad neighborhood, were you adopted, an orphan? Possibly you may have had a golden life. Did you grow up rich and then find yourself penniless after the recession? Are you feeling me on these topics? Write about details of your life and release it in essay form. Oh? You thought your essay writing days were over?   No, you are a writer and you will be developing essays for various reasons all your life, well serious writers will. Blog the essay onto social media and wait for the comments. What are people saying about it, is there any response at all? If not, try something new, but if you get a plethora of comments that start off with, I wish I had†¦or, If I could have done†¦. or This is what I have been looking for, then you have found your audience. Appeal to The Humanness in Humans When you begin to get those creative juices flowing onto that blank page, what are going for? Tears, laughter, anger? Engaging your audience begins with being able to drive right through the heart of the individual that is reading your copy and being able to keep them interested in what you are saying. If your characterizations are boring, so will the outcome of your story. If your topic doesn’t grab their attention with the opening paragraph, some may read two or three but seriously, how many books/articles/ etc. have you read past the first couple of paragraphs that sounded like Charlie Brown’s parents, uninteresting and un-intelligible.   When explaining a book, you have read, doesn’t it feel good to say how much you loved it and how engaging it was? Feelings are what every type of writing is going after. Pets cannot read, although there are some pet owners that think that theirs can. That is a whole different article. Leave Your Arrogance for Your Diary Focusing on using your voice for your audience’s sake, comes with examining your style of writing. To choose a style begin by exploring the level of understanding that the reader has of your topic. Experts: When writing for those that already know what they are talking about you run into those that have very strong opinions about what you are writing, and sometimes those opinions don’t flex. You can work around this as long as you do your research and you know your stuff. Writing for experts gives you the opportunity to write about the topic without having to take baby-steps around the subject to get to its meaning. You can mention the things that they already recognize and allude to people that they have been exposed to. Engaging your audience on this level is challenging but also beneficial because you are learning something that you may not have tried before. Stretch your voice beyond what you think you hear inside your head. It is profitable. General Audiences: This style of writing needs more explaining, clarifying and background information. The audience reading general information are open to learning about the topic and not question too much about what you are trying to convey. The Novice: This audience member is the one you write manuals, how to books, and essays for. It is the most detailed oriented style of writing. Make sure the audience that is new to the subject is walked through what you are saying step by step. Many product reviewers use this style of writing for consumers who do not know anything about the products they may be purchasing. Learn a New Language You may ask, â€Å"what does this have to do with engaging my audience or finding my voice†? Think about it. It comes next to impossible to underestimate the importance of improving language skills.  Today there are many gadgets that can be used to transcribe your work into different languages, wouldn’t it be beneficial for you to expand your language knowledge base so that you can reach people in other countries with your content? But to do that you need to have at least a basic command of the target nationalities language that you want to expose your writing too. You don’t have to spend a lot of money on language software. The link above has many sites that will teach you a new language for free. Staring at the Screen Too Long The creativity you need to start writing comes in many forms other than your writing. Get up from your desk and do other things besides stare at the screen. That white space is not going to fill up with your creative genius just because you are sitting there. If you are going to find your voice, you have to explore beyond your own back yard. Travel if necessary or possible for a day or two, take photos of your surroundings. If your writing is boring, it is because your life is boring. Spice up everything around you. Sleep in a different place tonight, and write about it tomorrow. Contrast and Compare If you are trying to get a good response from your audience, give them an article that will present two different arguments. This form of writing takes a certain amount of research because you want the statistics about the subject to be correct. At the end of the article or blog post, welcome comments or opposing views. You are bound to get readers that come back to this style of writing, everyone has an opinion. Read The best writers read continuously. Not just their preferred genre but everything that is accessible. When you are an assignment writer, a Kindle or a good e-reader is your best friend. You can begin a library of hundreds of books, that you can carry around with you while doing that research you need to meet that deadline and come up with engaging copy for your audience. So, you want to be a writer? Well this won’t be the last list of tips for writing that you will read. Start a file with them, copy/paste all that you come across and study them. There is a mindset that you as a writer must establish, writing is first and foremost a love affair with words, and in order to keep the relationship fresh you must find your voice in your audience to make your writing incredibly appealing.

Anna Pavlova Quotes on Happiness, Success,Dance, Life

Anna Pavlova Quotes on Happiness, Success,Dance, Life Anna Pavlova was trained in classic ballet, and while she helped transform the classical ballet by her lighter, more natural style, she did not go outside the classic forms as did her contemporary, Isadore Duncan. Anna Pavlova is especially remembered for her portrayal of a swan in The Dying Swan and Swan Lake. Selected Anna Pavlova Quotations The right to happiness is fundamental. When a small child, I thought that success spelled happiness. I was wrong, happiness is like a butterfly which appears and delights us for one brief moment, but soon flits away. To follow without halt, one aim; there is the secret of success. And success? What is it? I do not find it in the applause of the theater. It lies rather in the satisfaction of accomplishment. What exactly is success? For me it is to be found not in applause, but in the satisfaction of feeling that one is realizing ones ideal. Master technique and then forget about it and be natural. As is the case in all branches of art, success depends in a very large measure upon individual initiative and exertion, and cannot be achieved except by dint of hard work. No one can arrive from being talented alone, work transforms talent into genius. God gives talent. Work transforms talent into genius. Although one may fail to find happiness in theatrical life, one never wishes to give it up after having once tasted its fruits. [Last words of Anna Pavlova] Get my swan costume ready. Then Play that last measure softly. More About Anna Pavlova Anna Pavlova BiographyBiographies: Women in Dance About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

IMC and Customer Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMC and Customer Satisfaction - Essay Example Guided by the company’s culture of ensuring that customers look trendy thus keeping up with fashion, we will go deeper in establishing and maintaining a closer and an in depth touch with our clientele and referrals. We are intending to incorporate the following personal marketing means: Email marketing whereby we shall be sending emails to our customers on a weekly basis informing them of new products and designs in them. We are also planning to use our clientele phone database to reach them through short messaging services. To reach referrals in places that we have not yet set our distribution and retail outlets, we are planning to use search engine optimization and search engine marketing once we develop our company’s website. In mean time, we are outsourcing content marketing with social media likes of face book, youtube, instagram and Olx. This is in line with our advertising strategy of marketing mix which much influenced by distribution costs, the type of marketin g that we intend to use and the financial status of the company at the moment. With the product strategy we intend to have pictorial captions of all the products and design in stock and post them in the social media. ... This has been eased by our market survey which weighed in the income levels and distribution of our target market. This will not only guide us in pricing but also in product distribution and innovations on our designs to meet the market needs and minimize unnecessary losses. For the place strategy, our advisements are customized to meet different towns’ environmental, social, economic and cultural backgrounds. This will rule out the inconvenience of finding the advertised product in form that does not meet your cultural background and the price tag not meeting your financial capabilities. This is intended to maximize online search and ease decision making buy clients and referrals. For the promotional section, this strategy will locate the loss making markets in our distribution chains and come up with appropriate sales or discounting promotional strategies (Bradley, 2010p33). Question 2: Determine how the effectiveness of the advertising will be measured. To achieve companyâ €™s projected revenue growth of 40% and profits margin of 50% requires effective advertising and marketing. The success of these strategies will be measured by the orders and sales the company will close in the span of ten years. Alternatively the company also intends to apply the crowd sourcing strategy to ascertain consumer’s levels of satisfaction with commodities bought, future expectations of brand development and what features they want with the new products in the market. The electronic payment system that the company intends to produce will also provide the basis for the crowd sourcing. This strategy will be achieved by customer responses in our personalized marketing strategy of emails and short messaging services to the clients. Further interactions with clients on social

Walt Disney Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Walt Disney - Assignment Example Steve Jobs who is blessed with an innovative brain is the co-founder of Apple Inc; whereas, the Disney has already gained a good stature among its customers across the globe. Hence, Disney’s repute and Jobs’ technical expertise together would assist the Walt Disney to achieve infinite heights in market. It is known to everyone that Jobs’ relentless effort was the only factor that lifted Pixar and Apple sky-high. If he can bring his innovativeness to this new venture, he will uplift the staid company to a leading laboratory for media convergence (case study, p.269). The success of Jobs’ all ventures can be attributed to his thoughtful strategies and product differentiation. He believes that product/service quality is an essential element for business success. With the creative application of multimedia and computer animation, Jobs could knock out six blockbusters. Similarly, Jobs’ stance at Pixar while competing with Apple was appreciable. Jobs never feared rivals’ products; instead, he deeply concentrated on improving the aesthetic appeal and quality of his products while pursuing his business. Evidently Jobs’ successfully experimented business ideas would contribute to the profitability of the Disney.

Culture and Anthropologists Essay Example for Free

Culture and Anthropologists Essay The problems that faced by anthropologists in the fieldwork are adaptation to new culture, maintain objectivism and get access to all information from their subjects. Adaptation to new culture is hard, since they have to stay for a period of time and try to live in the way their subjects’ do. Adaptation that done by anthropologists is not only adapt new lifestyle, but also learning their cultural norms and language in order to be accepeted by their subjects as a part of them, not only as a foreigner. For instance, M. N. Srinivas was got disapproval for shaving before bath since in that community, people are shaving after bath (Srinivas, 2002). However, by adapting the culture, anthropologists not only gain knowledge about how the culture is, but they will have better understanding on the culture. Knowing why do people in certain culture do certain activity, how the culture has impacted the people on that community and the historical of the culture as well. On top of that, a better understanding of the culture may assist the anthropologists to produce an unbiased ethnography by avoiding ethnocentrism. Having different cultures, people tend to make a comparison among the culture. It could be inevitable when living with people with different cultures in which values, norms and behavioural acceptance are in different manner. This objectivism is needed when anthropologists faced problem with what they observe. Remain objective could be a bit hard when the anthropologists have an emotional involvement on problems that their subjects’ face. For example, when Claire did the observation on prostitutes lifestyle and have emotional pressure, at some point she need to out from the field, so that her objectivism is remain stable (Sterk, 2009). Other than avoiding ethnocentrism, maintaining objectivism is also required to build a good relationship with their subjects. By the example on what Claire done, the thing that can be learned is anthropologists should not interfere too much on their subjects’ life, and also anthropologists should be able to set a boundaries to limit to what extend they can emotionally interfere with their subjects (Sterk, 2009). The other problem that faced the most by anthropologists is get access to all information from their subjects. In order to find the respondents, anthropologists need to show their respects to gain trust from the leader of that community. The importance of key respondents is to open a path to ommunicate with other members in that community to get more perception of how the norms and culture affect their life. However, the problem is, sometimes anthropologists wrongly identify the key repondents. According to Calire E. Sterk (2009), anthropologists need to be able to find the right person as their key respondents, if not, then the access to information is too narrow, which could cause misinterp retation on the data. For instance, during fieldwork in Rampura village, M. N. Srinivas observed a community that led by a headman that very strict on cultural rules(Srinivas 2009). The headman always watch whatever Srinivas did and limited the access to the members of that community , till the time when he realize that there are two faction and apparently the second faction is more open to foreigners than the first faction (Srinivas, 2009). By reading this case, there is something that can be a learning experience which is before anthropologists do participant observation, they need to know how is the structure of that society, what are the cultural values, norms and belief that they believe in and the most important thing is to know what are motivations to do such a cultural activities and how they do it.

My Teaching Philosophy and Goals Essay example -- Education Teaching E

My Teaching Philosophy and Goals My philosophical point of view is Essentialism. Although I agree with Benjamin Bloom’s Theory on â€Å"School Learning†(1976). In his theory Bloom states; that children bring to class a range of â€Å"entry characteristics†. He divides these characteristics into affective and cognitive behaviors. Affective behavior includes the student’s motivation to learn and cognitive behavior includes the student’s prior knowledge. According to Bloom the context of the learning environment and the quality of instruction will determine the learning outcomes. Parents play an important role in their children’s desire and motivation to learn. Parents instill values of the importance of education and provide learning to take place not only in school but also in their home. My grandchildren have provided me with this knowledge. The grandchild that has parents that encouraged the importance of education does excel over the grandchild that did not receive the same encouragement. The nature of knowledge in my opinion is relative. It is constructed and dependent upon per...

My Happy Husband

My Happy Husband In life, sometimes we meet new people who could change our lives for better or worse. I met my husband in the place that I work and since that day we have become the most inseparable friends in the world. I believed my husband is one of the happiest men alive: he is funny, positive, inspiring, spiritual, and friendly. He is a very funny person. All the time he has a positive attitude. He inspired me to be the best. He is a spiritual man. He is a friendly person. All these qualities make Christian so special. My husband is the most adorable man.He is quite good looking. He is six feet tall, weighs one hundred seventy seven pounds. He has a round face with small brown eyes, olive skin, and curly dark hair like many Spanish people. His hair is black with a fewer silver strands throughout. He speaks in a soft voice as if he was whispering, and constantly uses his hands when he speaks. He has a great sense of style, so he always looks well dressed even in casual clothes, and his cologne smells sweet but masculine. For me he is the most attractive man. Chris is the funniest person.My husband has no problem getting others to laugh with him. It is hard to have a bad day when the person that I spend my life with is constantly smiling because he looks at the problems from a different angle, and he is confident that he will find the solution immediately. For example, on Thanksgiving Day, we were on a road trip to North Caroline. My husband was driving for twelve hours, but he was making jokes the whole journey. That was very entertaining for the children. We thoroughly enjoyed this trip because the time passed so fast. His human entertains our friends, as well.Frequently we go out with our friends, and he is the center of attention because of his cheerful personality and entertaining way that he talks. One of his favorites remarks is â€Å"I take my wife to different parts of the world every year, but she still somehow manages to find her way back. † I just to hear that and laugh because he cannot move a muscle without me. I feel so proud of him because he always knows how to put a smile on my face. I believe that it is important to always have a positive attitude, and I learned from my husband to have a good point of view in any circumstances.His positive feeling is strong, and it can spread to the people around him. To explain, my husband has a stressful job, and everyday he gets up early to meditate because meditation makes him relax and positive. Even if I come home with a negative attitude, he frequently changes the way that I think because he makes me understand that nothing that happened outside can affect my positive thinking, and it is true. Also, he finds solutions rather than problems. He was weighing two hundred and twenty pounds, and one day he decided to lose weight. He started his routine with exercises and diet; he lost fifty pounds.He teaches everybody to not have fears. For this reason in any difficult or ba d circumstances that we have, he always has a positive mindset with a wise solution. This positive emotion makes me to admire my husband more. I consider that my husband is the most inspiring man that I have seen. I am proud of Chris for achieving his goals and finishing his career as an Electrical Engineer. He motivates our children to be successful and great human beings. Moreover, he encourages us to finish and never give up and put a lot of effort in what we do.He also proves to his children that nothing is impossible, that we only need some motivation to accomplish our goals. Similarly for me, whenever I feel like giving up, or have a question or any concern, I know I can always ask him for advice. I have also learned that sometime I have to put other needs ahead of my own, but not to the point they will be to take advantage of me. Also, He is strong during hard times and extremely determined to achieve anything. I hold him in great esteem for how he stands up or for what he be lieves in, and he will never back down. I have always admired his open mind, compassion, and sense of understanding.In every aspect of my life my husband continuously pushed me too excel in everything that I want to do. He inspires me to start college, and he motived me to begin my new journey. He inspires me so much that now I am becoming a new person with different point of view. Furthermore, Chris is a very spiritual person. He often says, â€Å"spiritual is not only to be a religious people, it is to have peace between souls and mind. † These are not just words because he actually does what he meetings. As an example, he gets up early in the morning to meditate and pray to give thanks for the day.Meditation helps him to be calm and relaxed during the day, so if I ask something of him at any time, he does it without selfish interest. At some point I think nothing is bad for him. His friends always look for him when they have marital or work problems because they consider t hat he is the most appropriate person to give them good advice and keep secrets. Also, my husband has a passion to help people to learn how to be spiritual and know himself inside out. This quality is the most important attribute that he has. Christian is the friendliest man I have ever met.Anyone who knows him sees that he is absolutely outgoing with everybody. I am very lucky to have a good friend like him. I remember six months ago, when I thought he forgot my birthday because he did not call me, like he does every morning before I start working. When I came back home he had organized a wonderful party with my family and friends. He loves to make parties with a lot of people because he is a really sociable person. He is very unique. He constantly organize meetings at his work an invited all the people around the world. I am truly blessed to have in my life someone who is sociable and hospitable.Not only is Christian my best friend, but also he is the best friend for our sons. Con cluding this essay, I can describe my husband as the happiest man in the world, and I see that this man is a very funny person. All the time he has a positive attitude. He inspires me to be the best. He is a spiritual man. He is my best friend. `What I would say to anyone who is unhappy is that you need to fix that; like my husband says, â€Å"happiness comes from within not without. † He is right. No one can make you happy, no one, but you. For all the reasons and comments that I share in this paper I think my husband is role model to fallow. 1225

The economy of the early Roman Empire

The economy of the early Roman Empire and the late Republic of Rome was driven primarily by trade. Although in modern times history the economic basis of the Roman Empire has been neglected and focus has been directed to the exploits of the Roman Legions and Lingua France of Latin, it is important to note that Rome had an estimated population of over a million and to sustain its population, the economy had to be centered on a central avenue and this avenue was trade.Most of the Romans were traders and this ensured that the empire lasted a long time, probably one of the longest lasting empires the world will ever witness[1].Theoretically, there was a prohibition of the members of the senate to be indulged in business and this also applied to their family members. However, the Equestrian Order members were hugely involved in business not withstanding the fact they belonging to the upper class, the society expected them to be involved more in leisure and military activities and pursuits .There were also a huge proportion of slaves who were responsible for doing most of the work while the Plebeians practically held shops and manned stalls around the vicinity of the markets.The slaves were also involved in the commerce of the empire and they played a great role in giving the empire's commerce a distinct flavor compared to other commerce in the world[2].Thesis StatementThe study will focus on the Roman Empire involvement in the Mediterranean trade and how this trade was conducted and how it benefited the Roman Empire. The study will look in the Maritime routes that were present during the trade and how they helped in the development of trade among various regions in the world including Asia, India, Africa and Western Europe.The study will also strive to look into the regions that benefited from the various commodities of the trade and how they came to be powerful empires as well. This study will look into the ancient Roman trade partners and what commodities were exch anged during the trade.The Study will also look into the importance of certain commodities to the Roman Empire and chief among them will be marble.Maritime RoutesArchaeological studies of the ancient maritime trends supported by manuscripts derived from Classical antiquity have proved that the Roman Empire was in possession of numerous fleets of ships. Also as a show of evidence of the maritime trade conducted by the Roman Empire are the ruins and remains of lighthouses, moles, harbors and warehouses which were found in the ports of Caesarea Maritima, Ostia, Civitavecchia, Leptis Magna and Portus.As with other forms of technology, the Roman maritime technology was not as advanced as that of the Greeks. It is evidence that the Roman fleets were constructed with great concern about the security of the fleets.This is because there was lead sheeting for hulls which were meant for protection. They used sailing ships which were round hulled. One of the factors that led to the success of t he Roman Maritime Commerce was the continued policing that run over a number of centuries. This was necessitated by the fact that their ships had been an easy prey for the pirates[3].The sea transport was widely used for transporting of commodities which were low valued yet very bulky. This mainly comprised of construction materials and grains. One of the reasons for this was that the sea transport was the cheapest mode of transport that the Roman Empire could afford. They used to import cereals and papyrus from Ptolemaic Egypt and this followed a continuous fashion[4].The Roman Empire trade via the Indian Ocean blossomed in the first two centuries of CE. The Roman sailors would make use of the Monsoon winds to cross to such ports as Myos Hormos, Roman Egypt, Red Sea Muziris and Malabar Coast. The Tamil dynasties were their leading trade partners the region of Southern India and this can be evidenced by the numerous Roman artifacts that are found in India.[1] Donkin, Robin A. (2003) . Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company, p. 45, pp 65 – 94 [2] Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press pp 54 – 96. [3] Casson, L., Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1971. pp 12 – 59 [4] Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. pp. 87 – 198.

Biography of Indias Indira Gandhi

Biography of Indias Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India in the early 1980s, feared the growing power of the charismatic Sikh preacher and militant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, sectarian tension and strife had been growing between Sikhs and Hindus in northern India. Tensions in the region had grown so high that by June of 1984, Indira Gandhi decided to take action. She made a fatal choice - to send in the Indian Army against the Sikh militants in the Golden Temple. Indira Gandhis Early Life Indira Gandhi was born on November 19, 1917, in Allahabad (in modern-day Uttar Pradesh), British India. Her father was Jawaharlal Nehru, who would go on to become the first prime minister of India following its independence from Britain; her mother, Kamala Nehru, was just 18 years old when the baby arrived. The child was named Indira Priyadarshini Nehru. Indira grew up as an only child. A baby brother born in November of 1924 died after just two days. The Nehru family was very active in the anti-imperial politics of the time; Indiras father was a leader of the nationalist movement  and a close associate of Mohandas Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Sojourn in Europe In March 1930, Kamala and Indira were marching in protest outside of the Ewing Christian College. Indiras mother suffered from heat-stroke, so a young student named Feroz Gandhi rushed to her aid. He would become a close friend of Kamalas, escorting and attending her during her treatment for tuberculosis, first in India and later in Switzerland. Indira also spent time in Switzerland, where her mother died of TB in February of 1936. Indira went to Britain in 1937, where she enrolled at Somerville College, Oxford, but never completed her degree. While there, she began to spend more time with Feroz Gandhi, then a London School of Economics student. The two married in 1942, over the objections of Jawaharlal Nehru, who disliked his son-in-law. (Feroz Gandhi was no relation to Mohandas Gandhi.) Nehru eventually had to accept the marriage. Feroz and Indira Gandhi had two sons, Rajiv, born in 1944, and Sanjay, born in 1946. Early Political Career During the early 1950s, Indira served as an unofficial personal assistant to her father, then the prime minister. In 1955, she became a member of the Congress Partys working committee; within four years, she would be president of that body. Feroz Gandhi had a heart attack in 1958, while Indira and Nehru were in Bhutan on an official state visit. Indira returned home to take care of him. Feroz died in Delhi in 1960 after suffering a second heart attack. Indiras father also died in 1964  and was succeeded as prime minister by Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri appointed Indira Gandhi his minister of information and broadcasting; in addition, she was a member of the upper house of parliament, the Rajya Sabha. In 1966, Prime Minister Shastri died unexpectedly. Indira Gandhi was named the new Prime Minister as a compromise candidate. Politicians on both sides of a deepening divide within the Congress Party hoped to be able to control her. They had completely underestimated Nehrus daughter. Prime Minister Gandhi By 1966, the Congress Party was in trouble. It was dividing into two separate factions; Indira Gandhi led the left-wing socialist faction. The 1967 election cycle was grim for the party - it lost almost 60 seats in the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha. Indira was able to keep the Prime Minister seat through a coalition with the Indian Communist and Socialist parties. In 1969, the Indian National Congress Party split in half for good. As prime minister, Indira made some popular moves. She authorized the development of a nuclear weapons program in response to Chinas successful test at Lop Nur in 1967. (India would test its own bomb in 1974.) In order to counterbalance Pakistans friendship with the United States, and also perhaps due to mutual personal antipathy with US President Richard Nixon, she forged a closer relationship with the Soviet Union. In keeping with her socialist principles, Indira abolished the maharajas of Indias various states, doing away with their privileges as well as their titles. She also nationalized the banks in July of 1969, as well as mines and oil companies. Under her stewardship, traditionally famine-prone India became a Green Revolution success story, actually exporting a surplus of wheat, rice and other crops by the early 1970s. In 1971, in response to a flood of refugees from East Pakistan, Indira began a war against Pakistan. The East Pakistani/Indian forces won the war, resulting in the formation of the nation of Bangladesh from what had been East Pakistan. Re-election, Trial, and the State of Emergency In 1972, Indira Gandhis party swept to victory in national parliamentary elections based on the defeat of Pakistan and the slogan of Garibi Hatao, or Eradicate Poverty. Her opponent, Raj Narain of the Socialist Party, charged her with corruption and electoral malpractice. In June of 1975, the High Court in Allahabad ruled for Narain; Indira should have been stripped of her seat in Parliament and barred from elected office for six years. However, Indira Gandhi refused to step down from the prime ministership, despite wide-spread unrest following the verdict. Instead, she had the president declare a state of emergency in India. During the state of emergency, Indira initiated a series of authoritarian changes. She purged the national and state governments of her political opponents, arresting and jailing political activists. To control population growth, she instituted a policy of forced sterilization, under which impoverished men were subjected to involuntary vasectomies (often under appallingly unsanitary conditions). Indiras younger son Sanjay led a move to clear the slums around Delhi; hundreds of people were killed and thousands left homeless when their homes were destroyed. Downfall and Arrests In a key miscalculation, Indira Gandhi called new elections in March  1977. She may have begun to believe her own propaganda, convincing herself that the people of India loved her and approved of her actions during the years-long state of emergency. Her party was trounced at the polls by the Janata Party, which cast the election as a choice between democracy or dictatorship, and Indira left office. In October of 1977, Indira Gandhi was jailed briefly for official corruption. She would be arrested again in December of 1978 on the same charges. However, the Janata Party was struggling. A cobbled-together coalition of four previous opposition parties, it could not agree on a course for the country  and accomplished very little. Indira Emerges Once More By 1980, the people of India had had enough of the ineffectual Janata Party. They reelected Indira Gandhis Congress Party under the slogan of stability. Indira took power again for her fourth term as prime minister. However, her triumph was dampened by the death of her son Sanjay, the heir apparent, in a plane crash in June of that year. By 1982, rumblings of discontent and even outright secessionism were breaking out all over India. In Andhra Pradesh, on the central east coast, the Telangana region (comprising the inland 40%) wanted to break away from the rest of the state. Trouble also flared in the ever-volatile Jammu and Kashmir region in the north. The most serious threat, though, came from Sikh secessionists in Punjab, led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Operation Bluestar at the Golden Temple In 1983, the Sikh leader Bhindranwale and his armed followers occupied and fortified the second-most holy building in the sacred Golden Temple complex (also called the Harmandir Sahib or Darbar Sahib) in Amritsar, the Indian Punjab. From their position in the Akhal Takt building, Bhindranwale and his followers called for armed resistance to Hindu domination. They were upset that their homeland, Punjab, had been divided between India and Pakistan in the 1947 Partition of India. To make matters worse, the Indian Punjab had been lopped in half once more in 1966 to form the Haryana state, which was dominated by Hindi-speakers. The Punjabis lost their first capital at Lahore to Pakistan in 1947; the newly-built capital at Chandigarh ended up in Haryana two decades later, and the government in Delhi decreed that Haryana and Punjab would simply have to share the city. To right these wrongs, some of Bhindranwales followers called for an entirely new, separate Sikh nation, to be called Khalistan. During this period, Sikh extremists were waging a campaign of terror against Hindus and moderate Sikhs in Punjab. Bhindranwale and his following of heavily armed militants holed up in the Akhal Takt, the second-most holy building after the Golden Temple itself. The leader himself was not necessarily calling for the creation of Khalistan; rather he demanded the implementation of the Anandpur Resolution, which called for the unification and purification of the Sikh community within Punjab. Indira Gandhi decided to send the Indian Army on a frontal assault of the building to capture or kill Bhindranwale. She ordered the attack at the beginning of June  1984, even though June 3rd was the most important Sikh holiday (honoring the martyrdom of the Golden Temples founder), and the complex was full of innocent pilgrims. Interestingly, due to the heavy Sikh presence in the Indian Army, the commander of the attack force, Major General Kuldip Singh Brar, and many of the troops were also Sikhs. In preparation for the attack, all electricity and lines of communication to Punjab were cut off. On June 3, the army surrounded the temple complex with military vehicles and tanks. In the early morning hours of June 5, they launched the attack. According to official Indian government numbers, 492 civilians were killed, including women and children, along with 83 Indian army personnel. Other estimates from hospital workers and eyewitnesses state that more than 2,000 civilians died in the bloodbath. Among those killed were Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the other militants. To the further outrage of Sikhs worldwide, the Akhal Takt was badly damaged by shells and gunfire. Aftermath and Assassination In the aftermath of Operation Bluestar, a number of Sikh soldiers resigned from the Indian Army. In some areas, there were actual battles between those resigning and those still loyal to the army. On October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi walked out to the garden behind her official residence for an interview with a British journalist. As she passed two of her Sikh bodyguards, they drew their service weapons and opened fire. Beant Singh shot her three times with a pistol, while Satwant Singh fired thirty times with a self-loading rifle. Both men then calmly dropped their weapons and surrendered. Indira Gandhi died that afternoon after undergoing surgery. Beant Singh was shot dead while under arrest; Satwant Singh and alleged conspirator Kehar Singh were later hanged. When news of the Prime Ministers death was broadcast, mobs of Hindus across northern India went on a rampage. In the Anti-Sikh Riots, which lasted for four days, anywhere from 3,000 to 20,000 Sikhs were murdered, many of them burned alive. The violence was particularly bad in Haryana state. Because the Indian government was slow to respond to the pogrom, support for the Sikh separatist Khalistan movement increased markedly in the months following the massacre. Indira Gandhis Legacy Indias Iron Lady left behind a complicated legacy. She was succeeded in the office of Prime Minister by her surviving son, Rajiv Gandhi. This dynastic succession is one of the negative aspects of her legacy - to this day, the Congress Party is so thoroughly identified with the Nehru/Gandhi family that it cannot avoid charges of nepotism. Indira Gandhi also instilled authoritarianism into Indias political processes, warping the democracy to suit her need for power. On the other hand, Indira clearly loved her country  and did leave it in a stronger position relative to neighboring countries. She sought to improve the lives of Indias poorest  and supported industrialization and technological development. On balance, however, Indira Gandhi seems to have done more harm than good during her two stints as the prime minister of India. For more information on women in power, see this list of Female Heads of State in Asia.

The Ancient Sources for the History of Ancient India

The Ancient Sources for the History of Ancient India It used to be  said that the history of  India and the Indian Subcontinent  didnt begin until the Muslims invaded in the 12th century A.D. While thorough history-writing may stem from such a late date, there are earlier historical writers with 1st-hand knowledge. Unfortunately, they dont extend back in time as far as we might like or as far as in other ancient cultures. It is common knowledge that there is no corresponding equivalent on the Indian side. Ancient India has no historiography in the European sense of the word-in this respect the only historiographic civilizations of the world are the Graeco-Roman and Chinese ones...- Walter Schmitthenner, The Journal of Roman Studies When writing about a group of people who died thousands of years ago, as in ancient history, there are always gaps and guesses. History tends to be written by the victors and about the powerful. When history is not even written, as was the case in early ancient India, there are still ways to extract information- mostly archaeological, but also obscure literary texts, inscriptions in forgotten languages, and stray foreign notices, but it doesnt lend itself to straightline political history, the history of heroes and empires [Narayanan]. Although thousands of seals and inscribed artifacts have been recovered, the Indus script remains undeciphered. Unlike Egypt or Mesopotamia, this remains a civilization inaccessible to historians.... In the Indus case, while the descendents of urban dwellers and technological practices did not entirely disappear, the cities their ancestors had inhabited did. Indus script and the information it recorded also were no longer remembered.- Thomas R. Trautmann and Carla M. Sinopoli When Darius and Alexander (327 B.C.) invaded India, they provided dates around which the history of India is constructed. India did not have its own western-style historian before these incursions so reasonably reliable chronology of India dates from Alexanders invasion in the late 4th century B.C. Shifting Geographic Limits of India India originally referred to the area of the Indus River valley, which was a province of the Persian Empire. Thats how Herodotus refers to it. Later, the term India included the area bounded on the north by the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges, the penetrable Hindu Kush in the northwest, and on the northeast, the hills of Assam and Cachar. The Hindu Kush soon became the border between the Mauryan empire and that of the Seleucid successor of Alexander the Great. Seleucid-controlled Bactria sat immediately to the north of the Hindu Kush. Then Bactria separated from the Seleucids  and independently invaded India. The Indus River provided a natural, but controversial border between India and Persia. It is said that Alexander conquered India, but Edward James Rapson of The Cambridge History of India Volume I: Ancient India says its only true if you mean the original sense of India the country of the Indus Valley since Alexander didnt go beyond the Beas (Hyphasis). Nearchus, an Eyewitness Source on Indian History Alexanders admiral Nearchus wrote about the Macedonian fleets travel from the Indus River to the Persian Gulf. Arrian (c. A.D. 87 - after 145) later used Nearchus works in his own writings about India. This has preserved some of Nearchus now lost material. Arrian says Alexander founded a city where the Hydaspes battle was fought, which was named Nikaia, as the Greek word for victory. Arrian says he also founded the more famous city of Boukephala, to honor his horse, also by the Hydaspes. The location of these cities is not clear and there is no corroborative numismatic evidence. [Source: The Hellenistic Settlements in the East From Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, by Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press: 2013.) Arrians report says that Alexander was told by inhabitants of Gedrosia (Baluchistan) about others who had used that same travel route. The legendary Semiramis, they said, had fled through that route from India with only 20 members of her army and Cambyses son Cyrus returned with only 7 [Rapson]. Megasthenes, an Eyewitness Source on Indian History Megasthenes, who stayed in India from 317 to 312 B.C. and served as ambassador of Seleucus I at the court of Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in the Greek as Sandrokottos), is another Greek source about India. He is quoted in Arrian and Strabo, where the Indians denied having engaged in foreign warfare with any but Hercules, Dionysus and the Macedonians (Alexander). Of the westerners who might have invaded India, Megasthenes says Semiramis died before invading and the Persians acquired mercenary troops from India [Rapson]. Whether or not Cyrus invaded northern India depends on where the border is or was set; however, Darius seems to have gone as far as the Indus. Native Indian Sources on Indian History Soon after the Macedonians, the Indians themselves produced artifacts that help us with the history. Particularly important are the stone pillars of the Mauryan king Ahsoka (c. 272- 235 B.C.) which provide the first glimpse of an authentic historical Indian figure. Another Indian source on the Mauryan dynasty is the Arthashastra of Kautilya. Although the author is sometimes identified as Chandragupta Mauryas minister Chanakya, Sinopoli and Trautmann say the Arthashastra was probably written in the second century A.D. Sources The Hour-Glass of India C. H. Buck, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Mar., 1915), pp. 233-237Historical Perspectives on Ancient India, M. G. S. Narayanan, Social Scientist, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Oct., 1975), pp. 3-11Alexander and India A. K. Narain ,  Greece Rome, Second Series, Vol. 12, No. 2, Alexander the Great (Oct., 1965), pp. 155-165The Cambridge History of India Volume I: Ancient India  By Edward James Rapson, The Macmillan CompanyIn the Beginning Was the Word: Excavating the Relations between History and Archaeology in South Asia Thomas R. Trautmann and Carla M. Sinopoli​,  Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 4, Excavating the Relations between Archaeology and History in the Study of Pre-Modern Asia [Part 1] (2002), pp. 492-523Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita W. W. Tarn​,  The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 60 (1940), pp. 84-94

Consider the idea that the United States is 'exceptional' and Essay

Consider the idea that the United States is 'exceptional' and therefore exempt from traditional rules governing international be - Essay Example This concept has its origin from US political institutions formed from 1776-1789, the declaration of US independence in 1776, the American revolution of 1776-83, and the adoption of American constitution in 1787. The American Revolution and its liberation from the British are historical aspects of American exceptionalism. The American’s prosperity has its origin in political differences, social mobility, assimilation of immigrants, liberty of Americans, and America’s vast resources. Discussion The history of America is inadequate because many aspects have been left out or are distorted in the traditional narratives. This particularly relates to the history of American Indians and their contribution to American history (Tyrrell, 2010). The issues of races and slavery are tragic exception in American history. The end to the slave trade was a rebirth of freedom in America. Ignatieff (2005) says that Americanism exceptionalism has a negative perspective which explains that US is exceptionally unpleasant, violent and racist. The term exceptionalism was first coined by the German Marxists who intended to offer an explanation behind US rising above socialism and Marxism and embracing capitalism. However, Marxists conclude that exceptionalism is more than class conflict. Other scholars prefer to use the term uniqueness or differences to explain US exceptionalism. United States exceptionalism has been argued to emerge from its political, religious and intellectual aspects. It is also perceived to be enduring. Kolodziej and Roger (2008) notes American exceptionalism is a fundamental determinant of the American Psyche and has its values embedded in the culture of Americans civilians. The term has assumed changes over time which can be clearly seen from the reign of various US presidents. For example, President Thomas Jefferson rejected the rule of European countries through voting and dictatorship. President Washington tried to insulate US politics from corr uption and foreign intervention, Abraham Lincoln strived to unify Americans and President Andrew Jackson tried to raise the status of US citizens. President Delano Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson made efforts to make the world safe for trade and democracies through their intervention, which made World War I and II come to an end. President Truman identified American security, democratic values and US economic well being as necessary in competition with the Soviet Union. President Regan Portrayed US as an exceptional country that should be emulated by other nations. President George W. Bush tried to maximize freedom available to the Americans (Kolodziej and Rogers, 2008) Kolodziej and Rogers (2008) focus their discussions on how president George W. Bush American regime interpreted exceptionalism to expand the American powers. Exceptionalism provides US a justification for the rejection of foreign policy, which US views as misguided and the criticism by US citizens to increase the scope of international law and institutions. President Bush tried to maximize Americans freedom through US powers, global objectives, and moral status at the expense of reforming America’s image in the face of other countries internationally. The main focus of US in the present days is to resist any limitations on its powers as it pursues its aspiration of exceptionalism worldwide. This can be clearly seen from the little support provided to International Criminal Court (ICC) by US. The

Issues Related to Communication in Contemporary Society Essay

Issues Related to Communication in Contemporary Society - Essay Example Culture has a great impact on communication in society for a variety of reasons. Among these is that culture provides the information that will help in understanding each other hence the eventual successful communication (Giri, 1). Culture in brief can be defined as all the activities and events that make up the life of a people who stay at certain geographical area. Through culture people are able to socialise and in this it provides the information and tools that will be in communication. Culture normally gives the norms and habits that are acceptable. In order to fit into a society one has to be able to be as everyone else. By this they have to adopt all the beliefs and norms in the society. Failure to this will lead to one being treated as an outsider and in such instances the information availed becomes limited and reduces the chances of being able to communicate. In addition without socialization, the ability to communicate may be hampered due to being unable to understand the practices of a people hence limiting the level of communication that can take place (Hauben, 2). How Culture Impacts on Communication According to Giri (1), to every culture there a certain behaviour that the males and females depending on the age will be prescribed. Hence according to the culture there will be certain institutional cultures that will be allowed along with roles in gender. Failure to observe this can lead to alienation by the society. Hence in order for an individual to properly communicate in society there is the need to act and behave within these standards in order to be accepted. Among this include the communication aspect, in this there are topics and approaches that certain genders and ages have to adopt. This will clearly impact on the level of communication as they will consider the topics and people to talk to. In addition, depending on the culture one will develop views that may be associated to either the culture or political background and this will affe ct the approach to various issues. The conversational styles learned from the culture in the society are another factor to consider as it will impact on the way one talks and acts in various situations. The culture also shapes the kind of person will become. Through to the culture and values that are practiced the personality of a person becomes shaped. In this they end having low self-esteem or the level of disclosure will also be impacted. Through this the person will limit the amount of information that they give out and receive. In doing so, the ability to communicate is hampered as no free flow of information will be able to take place. Another issue about culture is that it provides the tool that is used commonly on the day-to-day communication. By this it implies the language that is used. Each society has a culture and in this culture will be the language that is used. If one does not belong to the society, they will definitely not know the language in use and in this will b ring out the biggest challenge to communication. Hence the need to know the language in use cannot be overemphasised (Jandt, 294). Novinger (1), states that in a culture there are a certain pattern of habits and bodily behaviours that help in the interpersonal behaviours. Besides, there also the various parameters that are used in the context of interpersonal interaction. Most of the parameters

Critical Exploration by Using Gibbs Model Essay - 1

Critical Exploration by Using Gibbs Model - Essay Example A 2nd-year student is practicing as a nurse at a hospital. The girl is very sweet, caring and loving towards her patients. She is always up to help other staff members with a smile. However, she has trouble in being able to prioritize and co-ordinate the attention needs of patients that we both have duties for. She also seems to lack confidence in her nursing skills and has teething troubles in linking theory to practice.  The result of the study reveals that the girl needs to understand what she wants to achieve. In this case, it is very obvious what she wants to achieve but she is not sure how to achieve it. The consequences of not prioritizing her duties make her more frustrated and annoyed and at the end of the day, nothing has achieved the way she wants to achieve it. It is also expected that some of the patients end up saying that want a different nurse to take care of them. As frequently does not complete the instructions given to her by these other staff and leaves the care given to patients unfinished. At the second stage of the Gibbs model, it can be said that the girl needs this practice because she wants to end up at some great hospital but if she continues to give such results that are poor practices, poorly set priorities it is giving out a bad image of her and the further recommendation for her are at stake. The student for sure feels the responsibility she has but as an amateur, she is finding difficulties in some areas and usually panics. She needs someone to guide her for at least a week so that she improves her practice and give satisfying results. However, the good part is the girl is willing to help. She wants to be someone and never refuses to work. In short, the girl has proved to be a very hard working dedicated worker but needs to manage things a little more. Most nursing students will attain the expertise criterions they need to catalog but tutors may be faced with an apprentice whose  presentation is scrawny.

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health General The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization. For a very long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources of drugs [1].The use of complementary medicine to alleviate and improve health conditions is increasing in developed countries [2]. New medicinal plants from different parts of the world are being investigated with this purpose in mind [3]. Although the utilization of botanicals has increased in the western world, there is a lack of information about mechanisms of action and potential differences among species within the same genus [4]. Now-a-days, several plants have been identified for their anticancer and anti-inflammatory compounds. Scientific experiments on the anticancer properties of plants and their components have been detected. Herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional methods practiced such as ayurveda, unani and siddha. However no systematic studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the formulations from the plant were undertaken. Also no attempts were made to isolate and identify the active principles involved in these effects [5]. As an evolutionary response plants were obliged to produce and store a wide range of organic molecules. These substances are usually termed as secondary metabolites (SM). Some of these compounds are involved in the survival of the plants as a defense mechanism against natural enemies. Many SM could actively interact with targets in the human body inducing a bioactivity of interest [6]. The bioactive compounds of medicinal plants are used as anti-diabetic, chemotherapeutic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agents where no satisfactory cure is present in modern medicines. The use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to antiquity because they contain components of therapeutic value [7]. Medicinal plants are cheaper and more accessible to most of the population in the world. The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate various therapeutic uses of medicinal plants [8]. Therefore, the quest for plants with medicinal properties continues to receive attention as scientists are in need of plants, particularly of ethno botanical significance for a complete range of biological activities, which ranges from antibiotic to anti-cancerous [9]. Bangladesh features a sub-tropical climate and low-lying landmass largely adjacent to extensive river deltas. The country comprises very fertile soils and is home to some rare ecosystems such as the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Given the fertile plains and high population density, the indigenous vegetation has mostly given way to cropland and extensive cultivation. Today, almost 60% of the landmass is used for farming, which is a global maximum value. However, originally large parts of Bangladesh featured tropical forests and marshy jungle with highly bio-diverse flora being also an excellent source for medicinal plants. The Bangladeshi traditional medicine is a unique conglomerate of different ethnomedical influences. Due to the geographic location and sociocultural characteristics of the country, it involves traditionally rooted elements influenced by local indigenous people and close-by Indian Ayurveda and Unani medicine [10, 11]. Given its inexpensive, easily accessible and well-established health services, the use of traditional medicine is an integral part of public health services in Bangladesh with its providers being deeply embedded within the local community [12-14]. Recent data suggest that the utilization of traditional medicine health services in Bangladesh is widespread [15] and plays a crucial role in providing health care for poor people, people in rural areas and for tribal people [16]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plants The anti-oxidative activity has been confirmed contributing kinds of cancer and inflammatory preventions for its multiple functional roles. The production of oxidants is a typical event associated with aerobic metabolism. When oxygen is supplied in excess or its reduction is insufficient, reactive oxygen species or free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are generated [17]. Accumulation of the free radicals in body organs or tissues can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules and membranes of cell, eventually leading to many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory, cancer, diabetes, aging, cardiac dysfunction and other degenerative diseases [18]. In the last 50 years, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from medicinal or food plants have been extensively investigated. Many pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of some antioxidant plant possess anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-muta genic and anti-viral activities to a greater or lesser extent. Researchers reported that intake of fruits, vegetables and other foods having high antioxidant activity has been associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other diseases [17]. Trouillas et al. investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of sixteen French herbal tea and found some herbs exhibited high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities [19]. Antioxidant activities in twenty traditional anti-inflammatory herbs extracts were investigated. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of these extracts could be explained, at least in part, by their antioxidant properties [20]. Free radicals liberated from phagocyte cells are important in inflammatory processes, because they are implicated in the activation of nuclear factor kB, which induces the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 [21 ]. Free radicals and oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term that encompasses all highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules, including free radicals. Types of ROS include the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, and various lipid peroxides. All are capable of reacting with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, and other small molecules, resulting in cellular damage. ROS are generated by a number of pathways. Most of the oxidants produced by cells occur as: A consequence of normal aerobic metabolism: approximately 90% of the oxygen utilized by the cell is consumed by the mitochondrial electron transport system. Oxidative burst from phagocytes (white blood cells) as part of the mechanism by which bacteria and viruses are killed, and by which foreign proteins (antigens) are denatured. Xenobiotic metabolism, i.e., detoxification of toxic substances. Consequently, things like vigorous exercise, which accelerates cellular metabolism; chronic inflammation, infections, and other illnesses; exposure to allergens and the presence of leaky gut syndrome; and exposure to drugs or toxins such as cigarette smoke, pollution, pesticides, and insecticides may all contribute to an increase in the bodys oxidant load [22]. Most reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products during mitochondrial electron transport. In addition ROS are formed as necessary intermediates of metal catalyzed oxidation reactions. Atomic oxygen has two unpaired electrons in separate orbits in its outer electron shell. This electron structure makes oxygen susceptible to radical formation. The sequential reduction of oxygen through the addition of electrons leads to the formation of a number of ROS including: superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radical; hydroxyl ion; and nitric oxide. Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Free radical formation occurs continuously in the cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions, which serve as source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P-450 system. Free radicals can also be formed in non-enzymatic reactions of oxygen with organic compounds as well as those initiated by ionizing reactions. Some internally generated sources of free radicals are Mitochondria, Xanthine oxidase, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Arachidonate pathways, Exercise, Ischemia/reperfusion injury etc. Some externally generated sources of free radicals are- Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants, Radiation, Certain drugs, pesticides, Industrial solvents, Ozone etc. Normally, cells defend themselves against ROS damage with enzymes such as alpha-1-microglobulin, superoxide dismutases, catalases, lactoperoxidases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Small molecule antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, and glutathione also play important roles as cellular antioxidants. In a similar manner, polyphenol antioxidants assist in preventing ROS damage by scavenging free radicals. In contrast, the antioxidant ability of the extracellular space is less e.g., the most important plasma antioxidant in humans is uric acid. Effects of ROS on cell metabolism are well documented in a variety of species. These include not only roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but also positive effects such as the induction of host defense genes and mobilization of ion transport systems. This implicates them in control of cellular function. In particular, platelets involved in wound repair and blood homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury. These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes. Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans. ROS are also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischemic injury. Specific examples include stroke and heart attack. All the biological molecules present in our body are at risk of being attacked by free radicals. Such damaged molecules can impair cell functions and even lead to cell death eventually resulting in diseased states. In recent years it has become apparent that the oxidation of lipids, or lipid peroxidation, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of several disease states in adult and infant patients. Lipid peroxidation is a process generated naturally in small amounts in the body, mainly by the effect of several reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide etc.). It can also be generated by the action of several phagocytes. These reactive oxygen species readily attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fatty acid membrane, initiating a self-propagating chain reaction. The destruction of membrane lipids and the end-products of such lipid peroxidation reactions are especially dangerous for the viability of cells, even tissues [23-25]. Membrane lipids present in subcellular organelles are highly susceptible to free radical damage. Lipids when reacted with free radicals can undergo the highly damaging chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LP) leading to both direct and indirect effects. During LP a large number of toxic byproducts are also formed that can have effects at a site away from the area of generation, behaving as second messengers. The damage caused by LP is highly detrimental to the functioning of the cell [26]. Lipid peroxidation is a free radical mediated process. Initiation of a peroxidative sequence is due to the attack by any species, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group (CH2), leaving behind an unpaired electron on the carbon atom (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢CH). The resultant carbon radical is stabilized by molecular rearrangement to produce a conjugated diene, which then can react with an oxygen molecule to give a lipid peroxyl radical (LOOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢). These radicals can further abstract hydrogen atoms from other lipid molecules to form lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and at the same time propagate LP further. The process of LP, gives rise to many products of toxicological interest like malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and various 2-alkenals. Isoprostanes are unique products of lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and recently tests such as mass spectrometry and ELISA-assay kits are available to detect isoprostanes [27]. Oxidation of proteins by ROS/RNS can generate a range of stable as well as reactive products such as protein hydroperoxides that can generate additional radicals particularly upon interaction with transition metal ions. Although most oxidized proteins that are functionally inactive are rapidly removed, some can gradually accumulate with time and thereby contribute to the damage associated with ageing as well as various diseases. Lipofuscin, an aggregate of peroxidized lipids and proteins accumulates in lysosomes of aged cells and brain cells of patients with Alzheimers disease [28]. Inflammation Inflammation is one of the body unique mechanisms that help body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals, allergens or other noxious stimuli [29]. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent [30]. The process is created by immune cells invading the tissue like an army in full battle mode [31]. There are various components of inflammatory reaction that can contribute to the associated symptoms and tissue injury [30]. During inflammation, innate cells and molecules are usually stimulated to isolate, destroy infectious agents and repair tissue, or sometimes the adaptive immune system is also stimulated [32]. Consequently, the mechanism works in a cascade, where the inflammation is often triggered by circulating immune complexes that enter tissues [31]. Principally, inflammation is manifested by pain, swelling, redness band loss of function in the afflicted tissue [31, 33]. Saladin (2007) categorized process of inflammation into three major processes; mobilization of the bodys defenses, containment and destruction of pathogens, and tissue clean up and repair [34]. While Mahat and Patil (2007) classified the process into three phases; the first phase is caused by an increase in vascular permeability, the second one by infiltration of leukocytes and the third one by granuloma formation [30]. The inflammatory response is initiated by circulating proteins and blood cells when they contact invaders in the tissue. Microbial invaders that lodge in body tissue and begin to proliferated triggered inflammatory response [33]. Bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to the infected area (chemotaxis). The chemotactic agents, which are part of a large family of chemokines, include a component of the complement system (C5a), histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, and polypeptides from lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils [35]. The neutrophils also produce oxidants and release granular constituents comprising of lytic enzymes performing important role in inflammatory injury [36]. The innate immune system contributes to inflammation by activating the alternative and lechitin-binding complement pathways, attracting and activating phagocytic cells that secrete cytokines and chemokines, activating NK cells, altering vas. The result would firstly be increased in blood flow to the affected tissue which accelerates the delivery of immune system element to the site [33]. The vasodilation would later cause enlarged capillaries and lead to redness (erythema) as well as increase in temperature, which for an influx of fluid and cells, contributing to swelling [32]. Saladin (2007) explained that the increased in blood flow also washes toxin and metabolic wastes from the tissue rapidly. In addition, vasoactive chemicals cause endothelial cells of the blood capillaries to separate a little, widening the intracellular cleft between them and increasing capillary permeability that ease the movement of fluid, leukocytes, and plasma proteins from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue [34]. In the area of injury, many of the neutrophils enter the tissues. As neutrophils encounter bacteria, they avidly phagocytize, digest and destroy them. Neutrophils also recruit macrophages and additional neutrophils by secreting cytokines [33]. Activated macrophages and T cells in the inflamed tissue also secrete cytokines called colony stimulation factors, which promotes the production of more leukocytes by the red bone marrow. Within a few hours of inflammation, neutrophilia (the rise in the neutrophil count in blood) would occur [37]. Then, the neutrophils are attracted to the endothelial surface by selectins, and they roll along it. They bind firmly to neutrophil adhesion molecules of the integrin family. They next insinuate themselves through the walls of the capillaries between endothelial cells by a process called diapedesis [35]. Leukocytes adhere loosely to the selectins and slowly tumble along the endothelium, sometimes coating it so thick that they obstruct blood flow. This adherence to the vessel wall is called margination [38]. Later, the fibrinogens are filtered into the tissue fluid clots in area adjacent to the injury, forming a sticky mesh that sequesters bacteria and other microbes [34]. This is caused by release of chemicals from tissues and migrating cells. Most strongly implicated are the prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), histamine, bradykinin, platelet- activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-1 [39]. Prostaglandin is implicated in inducing the production of various chemo-attractants and pro-inflammatory cytokines [36]. Gislason (2009) mentioned that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible to secrete a number of mediators which is responsible not just for initiation, but also for progression and persistence of acute or chronic state of inflammation [31]. Finally, monocytes acts as the major agent in tissue clean up and repair. It enters the blood from the bone marrow and circulated for about 72 hours. Then, they enter the tissues and become tissue macrophage. The macrophage becomes activated by lympokines from T lymphocytes [35]. The activated macrophage migrate in respond to chemotactic stimuli and later engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, as well as dead and dying neutrophils. Besides that, it also acts as antigen presenting cells and activating specific immune response [34]. Edema may also contribute to the tissue clean up. Nitric oxide is responsible for vasodilatation, increase in vascular permeability and edema formation at the site of inflammation [36]. The swelling compresses veins and reduce venous drainage, while it forces open the valve of lympathic capillaries and promote lympathic drainage. The lymphatics can collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins and tissue debris better than blood capillary can. An accumulation of dead cells of neutrophils with other debris tissue and fluid will form pus, a yellowish fluid. It may accumulate in the tissue cavity and known as abcess [32]. Pus is usually absorbed, but sometimes it may be released by its rupture. Blood platelets and the endothelial cells in an area of injury secrete platelet derived growth factor, an agent that stimulates fibroblast to multiply and synthesize collagen. Hyperemia at the same time delivers the oxygen, amino acids and other necessities of protein synthesis, while the hea t of inflamed tissue increases metabolic rate and speed of mitosis and tissue repair. The fibrin clot in inflamed tissues may provide a scaffold for tissue reconstruction [34]. In part, inflammation declines simply because the mediators of inflammation have short half-lives, are degraded after their release, and are produced in quick bursts, only as long as the stimulus persists. In addition as inflammation develops, the process also triggers a variety of stop signals that serve to actively terminate the reaction [38]. Anti-inflammatory Activity Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system. Drugs to control inflammation When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides [32]. However, an uncontrolled and persistent inflammation that sometimes is triggered by harmless agent such pollen or by an auto immune response. It may act as an etiologic factor for many of these chronic illnesses, where it may induce, maintain or aggravate the disease [29]. As mentioned, the inflammation would occur with the presence of antigen. Thus, constant supply of antigen is available from the food or environment may leads to chronic inflammation and causes diseases such as asthma, arthritis and other autoimmune diseases [31]. In such cases, the defense reaction themselves may cause progressive tissue injury. Hence, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary to modulate the inflammatory process [37]. Anti-inflammatory drugs are designed to targets the inhibition of the release of these mediators to control inflammation [36]. Harvey and Champe (2008) have classified anti-inflammatory drugs into three category; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors) and other analgesics [32]. Aspirin is a prototype of traditional NSAIDs. It works by irreversibly inhibit Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2) enzymes, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors [40]. Due to this mechanism of action, aspirin also cause adverse effects such as gastric hemorrhages, hypersensitivity and thrombocytopenia [41]. It is becoming a concern of healthcare providers that patients are developing intolerance from day to day. About fifteen percent of patients show intolerance with aspirin. Therefore, newer NSAIDs with greater anti-inflammatory activities are developed. However, the newer NSAIDs are considerably more expensive than aspirin and some have proved to be more toxic in the other way [32]. The second category is COX-2 inhibitor. The mechanism of action is by selectively inhibiting the activity of COX-2 enzyme that results in decreased of prostaglandin precursors [37]. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors have an advantage by showing lower risk of developing gastrointestinal bleeding and have no significant effects on platelets [42]. However, this drug is not recommended for renal impaired patients because it may cause renal insufficiency and increase the risk of hypertension [40]. It also has some possible adverse effects recorded in Malaysian Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) that it may cause allergic reaction, dizziness, headache, rash, upper respiratory infection and gastrointestinal disturbances such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain and diarrheas [41]. Acetaminophen is categorized under other analgesic because it has little or no anti-inflammatory activity [32]. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin in the central nervous system and peripherally blocks pain impulse generations [40]. They have therapeutic advantages over narcotic analgesics which they do not cause physical dependence or tolerance and does not affect platelet function or increase blood clotting time, but it does have many of side effects similar to aspirin [42]. Rarely, skin rash and allergic reaction may appear as the side effects [41]. There are also drugs from autacoids antagonist such as antihistamines used to prevent progress of inflammation. The term antihistamine, without a modifying adjective, refers to the classic H1 receptor blockers [32]. H1 histamine antagonists drugs are develop effectively to target the receptors to treat hay fever and some skin allergies such as urticaria. H1 receptor blockers act on immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody-sensitizing mast cell [37]. Rheumatoid arthritis is alleviated by drugs, which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme and reduce synthesis of prostanoids, corticosteroids prevent the formation of both prostaglandins and leukotriens by causing the release of lipocortin that leads to inhibition of phospholipase A2 that reduces arachidonic acid release which is able to suppress the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma [39]. Anti-cytokines therapy involving target on Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽÂ ± (TNF-ÃŽÂ ±) that stimulate synovial cells to proliferate and synthesize collagenase, leading to degradation of cartilage, stimulation of bone resorption, and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is another method that is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis [32]. Despite the benefits that the drugs hold, it also carries the side effects. As a result, it may lead various unwanted effects such as to gastric lesions, allergy reactions, tolerance and dependence, as well as resistance [40, 43]. Hence, worldwide researchers are still working to produce the ideal medicines of anti-inflammatory with highest efficacy, best potency and lowest or none side effects. Description of the plant investigated Bauhinia acuminata L. is a species of flowering shrub native to tropical southeastern Asia. The exact native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation, but probably from Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Philippines. It is widely cultivated throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant. It may be found as an escape from cultivation in some areas, and has become naturalized on the Cape York Peninsula, Australia [44]. Common Name Bangla: Shwet Kanchan. Malaysian: Bunga Perak. English: Dwarf White Bauhinia, White Mountain Ebony [45]. Indonesian: Panawar Saribu (Sunda Islands); Kupu-kupu (Java) Thailand: Ka Long, SomSio Burma: Mahahlegabyu India: Kaanchnaara, Kovidaara (Ayurvedic); Kachnaal (Unani); Vellaimandarai (Siddha/Tamil); Kanchan (Assam); Shwetkachnar, Kachnalsafaid (Punjab) Sri Lanka: Sudu Kobalila (Singhalese) Japan: Moku-wan-ju. Taxonomical Hierchy: Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae Infrakingdom : Streptophyta Division : Tracheophyta Subdivision : Spermatophytina Infradivision : Angiosperms Class : Eudicots Superorder : Rosids Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Caesalpiniaceae Genus : Bauhinia Species : B. acuminata Binomial name : Bauhinia acuminata L. Botanical Description: Fig.-1.1: Bauhinia acuminata L. tree. Bauhinia acuminata L. is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is a rapidly growing shrub that can reach up to 3m tall. It rises with several strong, smooth, upright stems with many slender branches; young twigs being pubescent. The stipules are linear-lanceolate measures 1cm long. The leaves are cordate or nearly so are the base, bilobed to about one third of their length with obtuse or acute lobes 9-11 nerve, sparsely pubescent beneath, about 10cm long and broad. The flowers appear at the extremities of the branches 3-4 in a loose bunch with white petals. Thepedicels measure 6-12mm long. The flower buds fusiform, long attenuate at the apex and 5 setaceous dents, measures 3cm long. The calyx-limb laterally splitting, spathaceous; receptacle short. The petals obovate, measure 4cm long and 2cm wide. The stamens 10 all fertile, shorter than the petals; anthers small.The ovary shortly stipitate, sparsely pubescent. The pods are linear-oblong, stipitate, measure 10cm long and 1.5cm wide, d ark brown in colour containing 10 roundish compressed seeds [46, 47]. Traditional uses of Bauhinia acuminata L. The bark and leaves in a decoction helps relieve biliousness [48]. A remedy recommended by the Indian Vaiydas [45]. In Malaysia and Indonesia the plant is used in the treatment of common cold and cough [48]. The root seems to be the part made used of by the Japanese in treating cough and cold. In India the decoction of the leaves and bark is given for allying asthmatic attack. The Indians made used of the bark and leaves in a decoction to treat stones in the bladder, venereal diseases and leprosy [45]. Amongst the Mullu kuruma tribe of Karella the decoction of the bark is used in treating urinary discharge (gonorrhea). They make use of paste of the leaves applied on the throat for throat troubles. It is applied externally to treat skin diseases [49]. The root is boiled in oil and applied to burns and pain [45]. Objective of study To evaluate the free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia acuminata L. bark extracts in rats. Significance of study Bauhinia acuminata L. is one of the